[Cross-posting latest book summary I put out on LinkedIn.]
Last Call (http://www.amzn.com/0743277023) is quite a fascinating tale of social and political history in the United States. The path to Prohibition and the sorry 14 year life of the only constitutional amendment to ever be repealed had many more twists, unexpected alliances and unintended consequences than I ever imagined.
Daniel Okrent starts out with some background on the prodigious drinking habits of the country during the 19th century, which in turn led to a temperance movement that had a sensible core desire to combat the negative social effects of these habits and often overlapped in philosophy and leadership with other "progressive" religious/social movements of the time such as slavery abolition and women's rights.
However, the altruistic motives of temperance became much more convoluted moving into the 20th century as the movement weaved itself into the many other battles engendered by rapid industrialization, extensive immigration, growing urbanization and unresolved racial/ethnic tensions then present in the country. Among other things, the aim of the temperance leadership - primarily the Anti-Saloon League or ASL by then - became legal prohibition rather than moderation advocacy which ultimately set the path to the 18th Amendment. This amendment only really became possible with the passage of the 16th Amendment, as the income tax provided an alternate means of revenue for the federal government to potentially replace the very high amount of revenue it obtained from the alcohol excise tax.
No matter how one might view the wisdom or motives of Prohibition as it began in 1920, it's outcome was dreadful. It did not truly represent the will of the majority of the country due to some representation quirks in state and federal legislatures and its enforcement was chronically underfunded from the start. So, drinking moderated somewhat but criminal activity rose unmoderately. The specifics of the Volstead Act, which provided the legislative structure for the 18th Amendment, also provided a few interesting exemptions which both influenced behavior and garnered some fortunes. In the end, the organization of a much more coherent opposition to Prohibition (with as many strange bedfellows as the alliances which led to it) and the need for more jobs as the Depression lingered led to a surprisingly quick repeal process in 1933.
The most interesting person in the book is Wayne Wheeler, who effectively ran the ASL and devised the tactics of what we would call wedge politics today. He used these tactics to great effect and was enormously influential in his time (he died in 1927) but is now on the wrong side of history and mostly forgotten.